William Guindon, born August 3, 2011 in Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac, is a Quebec environmental activist. He is the author of citizen communication SEM-26-003, filed on May 1, 2026 as part of the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (ACEUM), aimed at curbing the expansion of the Stablex hazardous waste landfill in Grande Tourbière de Blainville (Great Blainville Peat Bog). He was fourteen years old at the time of filing. He has fifteen since August 3, 2026.
This text was first published on July 4, 2026, when the file was taking off. Since then, almost everything has changed: Canada responded, the author replied, an unprecedented certificate was issued, a federal petition was cataloged, a public register delivered its first lines, and Quebec changed government.
Here's what happened — and what it changes in the picture.
What has happened since July
October 16: Ottawa responds without responding
On October 16, 2026, the deadline set by the CCE (Commission for Environmental Cooperation) Secretariat, the Government of Canada files its official response, Exhibit 72-RSP. The Secretariat acknowledges receipt the same day, document 73-REC, under the signature of its director of legal affairs, Paolo Solano.
The federal brief is two pages long.
It does not contain any challenge to the material findings of the file: neither the cadmium discharges measured up to 320 times the criterion for the protection of aquatic life, nor the destruction of 278,000 square meters of wetlands, nor the absence of any prior federal authorization. It does not report any enforcement measures of federal law relating to cell 6 of the Stablex site.
Its strategy lies in a procedural dismissal. Canada requests the Secretariat to terminate consideration of the communication, or to suspend its processing, invoking Article 24.27(4)(a) of the ACEUM (Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement) and Guideline 7.5. In his eyes, environmental petition No. 0546 filed with the Office of the Auditor General of Canada would be an internal procedure still pending, which would make citizen communication premature.
In other words: the State invokes its own administrative deadlines to request the closure of a file which documents its inaction.
October 17: Seven means in twenty-four hours
The next day, William Guindon submitted a memorandum of observations to the Secretariat which refuted Ottawa's request point by point. Seven arguments, based on the jurisprudence of the mechanism.
- First means: a petition to the Auditor General is neither a judicial procedure, nor an administrative procedure initiated by the Party, nor a quasi-judicial procedure. The Office of the Auditor General has no sanctioning powers and does not verify the accuracy of ministerial responses. It cannot therefore constitute the domestic remedy which Article 24.27(4)(a) requires to be exhausted.
- Second ground: Guideline 7.5 exists to protect the citizen's recourse against external interference, not to provide an escape route for the state in question.
- Third ground: the Secretariat had already ruled on this question. Paragraphs 66 to 79 of the August 17 decision expressly address the coexistence of approaches, relying on the Tijuana, Nazas and Ship Pollution jurisprudence. Going back on it would constitute an unjustified reversal.
- Fourth ground: the two approaches have neither the same nature nor the same scope. The review before the CCE concerns the application of seventeen provisions from five federal environmental laws — the Migratory Birds Convention Act, the Migratory Birds Regulations, the Species at Risk Act, the Fisheries Act and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Petition 0546 only concerns two laws.
- Fifth means: requiring the prior exhaustion of simple questions of ministerial information would create a dangerous precedent for all citizens of the three signatory countries of the trade agreement.
- Sixth ground: the requested postponement is by nature indeterminate, since article 24.28 of the ACEUM does not provide for any reopening mechanism once an examination has been suspended.
- Seventh ground: on the merits, Canada's response does not mention any concrete measure of application of federal environmental law on the site of cell 6. The alleged lack of application is therefore not contested.
Conclusion requested from the Secretariat: reject the request to terminate the examination, reject the request for suspension, and continue the investigation with a view to recommending to the Council of Ministers of Canada, the United States and Mexico the development of a complete factual record.
A first in thirty-two years
On September 25, 2026, the CCE Enforcement Issues Submissions Unit confirmed in writing a fact that goes beyond the scope of the local file:
The clarification deserves to be cited as is. The CCE does not compile the age of the authors: it never had to do so. In thirty-two years of existence of the ANACE mechanism then of the ACEUM, and through more than a hundred communications examined in Canada, the United States and Mexico, no citizen under the age of eighteen had crossed the threshold of admissibility.
The day before, September 24, William Guindon had published a clarification notice confirming his status as sole author and his absolute independence. The file was designed, written and carried by a teenager. Not by an adult agent who would lend his name, nor by an organization which would finance covertly. The documents are signed by his hand, with the countersignature of his legal representative as required by Quebec civil law.
One hundred and nineteen days without a response
On June 29, 2026, he submitted an environmental petition to the Office of the Auditor General of Canada. The Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development registers it under number 15-0546. The federal public catalog shows a first inscription:
The petition contains twenty-four questions for ministerial information. Ten of them relate to cadmium. The file cites surface water analyzes carried out along the Grande Tourbière, revealing concentrations reaching 320 times the criterion for protecting aquatic life.
On July 13, federal departments formally received the petition, which triggered the legal response deadline of 120 days set by section 22 of the Auditor General Act.
On October 9, seven days before the international deadline, he published a press release to underline a parallel countdown: 119 days had passed since the transmission to the ministries without any response being provided to the questions on cadmium. The federal legal deadline expires on November 10, 2026.
Quebec has changed government
The issue has also changed political context.
On October 5, 2026, the Parti Québécois formed a minority government. Paul St-Pierre Plamondon was sworn in as prime minister on October 21, succeeding Christine Fréchette. At Environment, Jean Pellerin succeeds Pascale Déry.
In Blainville, the constituency changed its face: Nadine Le Gal, of the Parti Québécois, won with 33.69% of the votes and 14,999 votes, ahead of Sébastien Daoust, of the Liberal Party, at 26.55%, and Pascal Quevillon, of the Conservative Party, at 15.97%. The outgoing CAQ deputy, Mario Laframboise, finished fourth. On October 21, Nadine Le Gal was named president of the government caucus.
Two parliamentary meetings are confirmed for November: with her, who requested the exchange even before the opening of her constituency office, and with Madeleine Chenette, liberal federal MP for Thérèse-De Blainville and parliamentary secretary. On the program: Loi 93 (Bill 93), report 371 of BAPE (Québec Bureau of Public Environmental Hearings), the federal response of November 10 and the rest of the procedure before CCE.
Who is William Guindon
William Guindon spent his childhood in Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac, in the Laurentides region of Quebec. He completed his primary studies in Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac, a neighboring municipality. From the sixth grade, he showed a keen interest in science and the environment by winning third place in the regional final of the Expo-Sciences Laurentides.
He then continued his secondary school career at Externat Sacré-Cœur, a private establishment located in Rosemère. His skills and involvement allow him to distinguish himself on several occasions. In 2023, he received the Méritas Prize in the “ambassador — intellectual curiosity” category, followed in 2024 by the Méritas Prize “Engagement and humanism”. His excellent academic results also allowed him to obtain an exemption from the French and science final exams. Alongside his studies, he got involved in the Royal Canadian Army Cadets, where he reached the silver star level.
His involvement extends well beyond the academic framework. From the age of ten, he chose to volunteer in his community. From June to September 2022, then again from June 2023, he offers his time to the leisure teams of two residential and long-term care centers (CHSLD) in the Laval region. Between 2023 and 2024, he will coordinate the community garden of the Externat Sacré-Cœur, carried out in close collaboration with the City of Rosemère.
A journey marked by brilliant actions
2021: First public attention
On November 28, 2021, at the age of ten, William Guindon attracted media attention by becoming one of the very first Quebec children in the 5 to 11 age group to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. This symbolic and civic gesture earned him public congratulations from the Prime Minister of Quebec, François Legault.
2025: Political questioning in Le Devoir
A few years later, his fight shifted to political and environmental terrain. In 2025, he published an open letter in the daily Le Devoir, entitled “François Legault, you are destroying our future”. He directly challenges the head of the provincial government on the environmental and intergenerational consequences resulting from the Stablex expansion project.
This letter appears the day after the adoption under gag order of Projet de loi 93 (Bill 93).
May 1, 2026: The international legal offensive
On May 1, 2026, William Guindon took a major step forward by bringing the issue to the international stage. He files an official communication, registered under the reference SEM-26-003, with the Commission de coopération environnementale (Commission for Environmental Cooperation), the monitoring body created by the ACEUM trade agreement.
In this document, he argues that Canada is failing in its international legal obligations regarding the protection of migratory birds, species at risk and the quality of surface waters. The cause of this failure: the authorization to expand the Stablex industrial site in the heart of a sensitive ecological zone.
The CCE acknowledges receipt of the complaint on May 4, 2026 and begins an in-depth examination of the file under the articles of the cross-border agreement.
On June 3, 2026, the Secretariat concluded that the communication did not yet meet all the criteria, but invited the author to submit a revised communication. This is what he will do, six weeks later.
May 2026: The urgent appeal to the United Nations
At the same time as his approach to the CCE, he contacted the United Nations Special Rapporteur on toxic substances and human rights, Marcos Orellana.
In this appeal, he documents the environmental and health risk represented by the burial of dangerous materials in a humid environment, emphasizing that this type of project infringes on the rights of present and future generations.
July 2026: Intervention at the Blainville municipal council
On July 2, 2026, William Guindon spoke publicly during the Blainville municipal council meeting.
He confronts Mayor Liza Poulin about the ongoing procedures and the City's transparency in this matter.
He officially filed several key documents, including his complaint to the CCE and the United Nations, as well as an official letter addressed to the Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mélanie Joly.
On July 7, he sent a formal notice to the mayor and members of the municipal council, demanding the public online posting without delay of all the documents tabled during the July 2 meeting.
The City complied: on July 9, it published on its official website a public notice confirming the submission of communication SEM-26-003 and made all the documents accessible.
This municipal deposition led to regional and national media coverage: the TVBL report, broadcast the same evening of July 9, presented in detail the intervention of the young activist.
July 2026: The alliance with the Longhouse
A few days later, he obtained institutional support of a different nature: Longhouse Stuart Myiow, traditional custodian of the Kanien'kehá:ka longhouse, gave him official support under the aegis of the Two-Way Wampum.
This alliance links modern legal approach to the age-old protection of the territory by indigenous peoples. It marks a turning point in citizen mobilization by placing the fight for Grande Tourbière in a perspective of environmental justice and real reconciliation.
July 16, 2026: The revised submission
On July 16, 2026, William Guindon submitted his revised communication to the Secretariat of the CCE.
This is no longer a teenage complaint. It is a 45-page legal brief, structured in six sections, accompanied by 222 evidentiary documents, with detailed inventories, chain of custody, forensic metadata and article-by-article concordance.
The entire file is preserved on Zenodo, CERN's open archive, under the identifier DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21416989.
The author demonstrates how Canada fails to apply five separate federal environmental laws in connection with the Stablex cell 6 project.
August 1, 2026: UNESCO and Committee on the Rights of the Child
On August 1, 2026, he further broadened his international offensive by submitting a joint brief to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child.
It argues that the destruction of a thousand-year-old peatland and the exposure of ecosystems to persistent contaminants violate the rights guaranteed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in particular the right to a healthy environment, health and development.
August 17, 2026: The decision of the CCE
On August 17, 2026, the Commission de coopération environnementale Secretariat issues its decision under Article 24.27(2) and (3) of the ACEUM, document 26-2-DET2.
The CCE concludes that the revised communication meets all admissibility criteria and that it warrants a response from the Government of Canada.
The Secretariat formally directs Canada to provide a detailed written response by October 16, 2026.
The decision made headlines. This is the first time in the history of the trade agreement that the complaint of a minor citizen forces a signatory state to explain itself.
The bog before the bog
We are talking about an industrial site and a wetland. We rarely talk about what was there before.
On September 25, 2026, William Guindon published an independent documentary file which places the Grande Tourbière in a much longer temporality: six thousand years of organic memory, the history of the Kanien'kehá:ka, Anishinaabeg and Haudenosaunee peoples, and the water territories of the Mille Îles River, the Makigôtekw. The file also recalls that this territory was never ceded.
It is not a cultural supplement. It is a change of legal and moral framework. A peat bog is not a wasteland that is replaced by a technical work: it is a carbon sink that took millennia to form, a water reservoir, a habitat and a place of memory. The BAPE said it in his own way in 2023, describing the project as premature. The indigenous file adds a voice which, in Quebec, has long been kept away from these decisions.
The link with the rest of the fight is not theoretical: in July 2026, the support of Longhouse Stuart Myiow, obtained under the aegis of the two-way Wampum, is exactly in line with this continuity. Moral support — and, if necessary, support in court.
The Stablex file: the underside of an environmental confrontation
The Grande Tourbière de Blainville is a unique millennial ecosystem in Quebec. The Stablex Canada site has been in operation there since 1983. It is the only industrial center authorized in the province for the final burial of inorganic industrial residues previously stabilized and solidified.
The conflict escalated in March 2025, when the Quebec government chose to adopt Projet de loi 93 under an accelerated gag procedure. This law forces the municipality of Blainville to transfer land of great ecological value in order to allow the development of the company's new landfill zone, called “cell 6”.
This political decision was imposed despite a very unfavorable opinion from Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement (BAPE), published in September 2023 (Report 371), which then described the expansion project as “premature”. To protect the company, the law adopted by Quebec includes strict clauses excluding almost any possibility of citizen legal recourse on the merits of the case. Legal organizations, such as the Centre québécois du droit de l'environnement (CQDE), denounce this measure which they consider to be a serious attack on the right to an effective legal remedy.
Work on fitting out the cell has begun. The operating permit had still not been issued in the summer of 2026: the Ministry of the Environment then indicated that the authorization request was “still under analysis”. The matter is now the responsibility of a new government.
Citizen mobilization is also based on environmental data. Water tests conducted by citizen groups in December 2023 reveal concentrations of cadmium in nearby surface waters up to 320 times higher than current environmental standards. A second independent campaign, conducted in June 2026 by Climat Québec and the Blainville Citizens' Coalition and supervised by limnologist Sonja Behmel, of WaterShed Monitoring, also documents the presence of zinc, copper, arsenic and chromium around the site. Stablex contests these conclusions and maintains that its most recent ministerial sampling campaigns, published in February 2026, conclude that its activities are compliant.
Finally, opponents point out that nearly 41% of the hazardous materials buried in Blainville come from outside Quebec, including approximately 29% directly from the United States.
An investigation into the Registry of Lobbyists
On October 24, 2026, William Guindon published a public file constructed from a single source: the Registry of Lobbyists of Canada. No revelation, no confidential document. Registrations, numbers, dates, verifiable by anyone.
The register contains a registration opened on March 26, 2026, number 964373-385380, version 1. Type: consultant lobbyist. Client: Stablex, 760 boulevard Industriel, in Blainville, represented by its general manager, Michel Perron. Lobbyist: Alexandra Boudreault, of Catapulte communication, with no prior public office declared. Reported parent company: Republic Services, Massena, New York. The declared purpose, quoted in full: “Advise and inform civil servants and elected officials on the management of residual hazardous materials at Stablex at the federal level, in addition to keeping them informed of the work on cell 6.” Institutions targeted: Environment and Climate Change Canada and the House of Commons.
The register also contains a monthly communication report, number 385380-701620. Communication: September 17, 2026. Posting: September 17, 2026, the same day.
The designated public office holders met that day were three officials from Environment and Climate Change Canada: Michael Bonser, assistant deputy minister of the International Affairs Branch; Ailish Campbell, Senior Assistant Deputy Minister; and Mylène Sauvé, Director of Multilateral Affairs.
This is where the wires cross. Michael Bonser is not just the assistant deputy minister of a branch of ECCC. He is the official representative of Canada to the Commission de coopération environnementale: the one whose name appears on the liaison documents with the Secretariat, the one whose services coordinated the drafting of the official response due on October 16.
A month separates the September 17 meeting from Ottawa's October 16 response. The two facts are in separate public records. One at the Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying of Canada, the other at the communications registry of the CCE. The file published on October 24 simply puts them side by side.
The register finally shows a formal anomaly, which the file is content to document. For this specific registration, the Registry of Lobbyists of Canada only displays one monthly communication report — that of September 17 — while the “Reporting period” field displays “August 2026”. A communication held in September declared over a period of August: a typo of entry or an administrative catch-up, but a trace that the register keeps as is.
You have to be precise about what this file says and does not say. He cites public records. It assumes no intention, alleges no collusion and asserts no causal link. The Register of Lobbyists is a register of transparency: lobbyists declare their activities there because the law obliges them to do so, and the fact of declaring a meeting does not constitute an offense. What the file shows is the temporal concomitance between a lobbying activity targeting the very management that coordinated Canada's response and the filing of a procedural dismissal four weeks later.
A precedent for minors
This issue is not only environmental. It raises a legal question that goes beyond Grande Tourbière: that of direct access for minors to international justice.
On September 23, 2026, William Guindon published a plea on the legal autonomy of adolescents in the face of the structural adultism of Quebec and Canadian law. Its central argument: biological age cannot be an automatic inadmissibility criterion when a citizen demonstrates his capacity for discernment and provides rigorous proof.
On October 14, 2026, in Berlin, this plea received scientific support. Manfred Liebel, professor emeritus at the Technical University of Berlin and global figure for children's rights, signs a declaration in support of the approach:
The practical significance is there: a file of two hundred and twenty-two evidentiary documents, filed without a lawyer, which forces the federal government of Canada to mobilize its legal teams and produce an official response in an international treaty. If a fifteen-year-old can do it, the age barrier is no longer a procedural inevitability.
It is also in this light that the rest of the work must be read: the full-text search engine and the downloadable ZIP archive put online on September 22, which make the documents accessible to all citizens without an intermediary; the ethical charters published on its site; the parts traceability register. The entire architecture of the site was designed for others to use.
Democratizing environmental justice
Making your voice heard shouldn't be an obstacle course.
After having passed the procedural requirements of the Commission de coopération environnementale, the young activist refuses to allow his apprenticeship to remain an isolated experience.
Refusing to remain a simple observer, William Guindon launched the writing of a practical and popularized guide for citizens and young people wishing to understand the workings of international law and navigate complex legal processes.
Objectives: decode the legislative framework and Canadian and international environmental regulations, popularize the steps necessary to submit an admissible communication, and share the lessons learned from one's own journey with ministries and the courts.
Media appearances
The impact of William Guindon's legal and international efforts has generated notable media attention, locally, nationally and internationally.
The Rover — Enquête internationale
June 11, 2026On June 11, 2026, journalist Éanna Mackey published an investigative report in the independent investigative media The Rover, entitled “Blainville teenager takes Stablex fight international”. The article details William Guindon's journey from his discovery of the file to the filing of his complaint before the CCE, and analyzes the flaws in the regulatory framework surrounding the management of dangerous materials in Blainville.
La Presse — A teenager's fight at the UN
July 3, 2026On July 3, 2026, La Presse devoted a major report, signed by journalist Katia Gagnon and illustrated by photographs by Patrick Sanfaçon, entitled “The fight of a teenager at the UN”. This major report highlights the determination of the young activist, his simultaneous recourse to the CCE and the United Nations, and the legal significance of his approach to the protection of Quebec wetlands.
TVBL (Lower Laurentians Television)
July 9, 2026On Thursday, July 9, 2026 at 7 p.m., William Guindon reached a new media milestone by being the main guest of an exclusive 11-minute interview on the regional news show Le Télé-Journal on TVBL, hosted by journalist Pierre-Luc Paquin.
The interview allowed the young activist to explain directly to the citizens of the Lower Laurentians the reasons for his intervention before the Blainville municipal council, the details of his international communication SEM-26-003, and the reasons for his refusal to give up in the face of Loi 93.
Les as de l'info (Youth News Media)
June 16, 2026On June 16, 2026, William Guindon was the subject of a detailed portrait in the youth media Les as de l'info, entitled “William Guindon: a 14-year-old activist who defies borders”.
This platform allowed him to directly appeal to the school-aged public, to explain his 250 hours of documentary research, and to concretely demonstrate that young people are not condemned to passive eco-anxiety: they can seize the tools of the law to actively defend the environment.
CBC Podcasts (This is Montreal)
July 23, 2026On July 23, 2026, William Guindon was the subject of a full 23-minute episode on the CBC national podcast, This is Montreal, hosted by Antoni Nercessian, entitled "The 14-year-old fighting a hazardous waste site".
This forum allowed him to present on a national and international scale the issues surrounding Projet de loi 93, the importation of American hazardous waste and the protection of Grande Tourbière de Blainville.
Éducaloi — Citizen Legal Information
August 5, 2026On August 5, 2026, the legal information organization Éducaloi published an in-depth analysis entitled “Filing a complaint internationally to enforce environmental laws: the case of a 14-year-old teenager”.
The article dissects the legal mechanism of article 24.27 of ACEUM, explains why the appeal of an adolescent before an international commission constitutes a first, and analyzes the conditions which make such a complaint admissible before the signatory governments.
Lab22 Documentary — Film project
Automne 2026 · Sortie 2027In September 2026, William Guindon took part in the filming of a major documentary project led by Lab22 (laboratory for social and environmental innovations in schools, in partnership with the Cégep du Vieux-Montréal).
The filming, carried out on the shores of Lacs Fauvel and along the Grande Tourbière de Blainville, highlights the journey of young Quebec environmental leaders who use innovative institutional, legal and scientific levers to protect their living environment.
The first broadcast of the documentary is planned for 2027, before official distribution and screenings in schools and environmental film festivals across Quebec.
What's coming
November 10, 2026 — Legal deadline: The ministers of Environment and Climate Change Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Health Canada must table in Parliament their written responses to the twenty-four questions in environmental petition no. 15-0546.
November 2026 — Two parliamentary meetings: Nadine Le Gal, MP for Blainville and president of the government caucus, and Madeleine Chenette, federal MP for Thérèse-De Blainville.
November 12 and 13, 2026: Conference of the ACTES Network of the Centrale des syndicats du Québec (CSQ), in Mauricie.
November 27, 2026: Green day of the AREQ-CSQ Laurentides, in Saint-Jérôme, where he will deliver the conference “Transmitting commitment”.
Around December 15, 2026 — Decision CCE: End of the sixty working day period for the examination opened under article 24.28 of ACEUM: the Secretariat of CCE will indicate whether or not it recommends the creation of an independent factual file.
December 2026: Submission of the report from the environment commission of the Metropolitan Community of Montreal (CMM) on the management of residual hazardous materials.
2027: If a factual record is recommended, the decision rests with the environment ministers of Canada, the United States and Mexico.
In the meantime, at the municipal level: The new Stablex Coordination Committee set up by the Ville de Blainville (City of Blainville) began its work in October 2026, and Quebec paid compensation of $17 million to the City in August for the loss of value of the land transferred.
Primary documentary sources
In accordance with the ethics of the file and the imperative of evidentiary transparency, all of the elements cited in this portrait are based on public documents, official registers and verifiable publications:
Official website and documentary register
- williamguindon.me — Official citizen information portal and public register ↗
- Official press releases of October 16 and 17, 2026
- Register and procedure schedule CCE SEM-26-003
- Federal investigation, Lobbying component: The meeting of September 17, 2026
- Status of minor citizen and certificate of the CCE of September 25, 2026
- Legal autonomy of adolescents and the Liebel & Meade declaration (Berlin)
- Indigenous history and organic memory of the Grande Tourbière
Registries and official institutions
- Commission de coopération environnementale (CCE / ACEUM) — File sheet SEM-26-003 ↗
- Environmental petition no. 15-0546, Office of the Auditor General of Canada ↗
- CERN / Zenodo open archive: Communication SEM-26-003 and 222 proof documents (DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21416989) ↗
Main reports and press columns
- La Presse — “A teenager’s fight at the UN” (Katia Gagnon / Patrick Sanfaçon, July 3, 2026) ↗
- Le Devoir — “François Legault, you are destroying our future” (Open letter, April 8, 2025) ↗
- The Rover — “Blainville teenager takes Stablex fight international” (Éanna Mackey, June 11, 2026)
- Éducaloi — “File an international complaint to enforce environmental laws” (August 5, 2026) ↗
- Radio-Canada — Coverage of the citizen mobilization and demonstration of August 15, 2026
- Journal de Québec — “Compensation of $17 million to Blainville for the Stablex land”, August 24, 2026
Press contact & protocol: [email protected] · Blainville (Québec), Canada ↗
This documentary portrait can be cited, shared and analyzed freely. Citations from public records comply with the Good Faith Notice (PART 04 of the Guideline) and do not allege any wrongdoing, collusion, or unlawful motive.
Protection of the minor author: All legal and international procedures are transmitted with the agreement and under the countersignature of his legal representative.